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The Apostles Expected Jesus to Die and Rise Again

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Jesus's predicting his or someone else'southward decease

Early Christian Crypt painting of Jesus and his disciples, pre-third century.

There are several references in the Synoptic Gospels (the gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke) to Jesus predicting his own death, the showtime 2 occasions building upward to the concluding prediction of his crucifixion.[1] Matthew's Gospel adds a prediction, before he and his disciples enter Jerusalem, that he volition exist crucified at that place.[2]

Gospel of Marking [edit]

In the Gospel of Mark, generally agreed to be the earliest Gospel, written around the twelvemonth 70,[3] [four] Jesus predicts his death three times. Scholars note that this Gospel also contains verses in which Jesus appears to predict his Passion and suggest that these correspond the earlier traditions available to the author/ Some scholars, such as Walter Schmithals, propose a redactional formulation of the author, though Schmithals states there are "vexxing questions" relating to the sayings.[5] Meanwhile, other scholars clarify these arguments and present a different view, and believe these sayings are historical. Ultimately, no consensus has emerged amid scholars.[half dozen] The setting for the first prediction is somewhere well-nigh Caesarea Philippi, immediately afterwards Peter proclaims Jesus every bit the Messiah. Jesus tells his followers that "the Son of Man must endure many things and be rejected past the elders, chief priests and teachers of the constabulary, and that he must be killed and after 3 days rise over again".[vii] When Peter objects, Jesus tells him: "Get behind me, Satan! You practice non have in heed the things of God, simply the things of men". (Mark 8:31–33)

Gospel of Matthew [edit]

The Gospel of Matthew 16:21–28 includes this episode,[8] maxim that Jesus "from that time", i.eastward. on a number of occasions, Jesus "began to show his disciples that he must go to Jerusalem and endure many things from the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed ...".[9]

The Gospel of Luke 9:22–27 shortens the account, dropping the dialogue between Jesus and Peter.

Each time Jesus predicts his arrest and expiry, the disciples in some manner or another manifest their incomprehension, and Jesus uses the occasion to teach them new things.[x] The 2d alert appears in Mark 9:thirty–32 (and also in Matthew 17:22–23) every bit follows:

He said to them, "The Son of Human being is going to be betrayed into the hands of men. They will kill him, and afterward three days he will rising." Merely they did not sympathize what he meant and were afraid to enquire him most it.[xi]

The 3rd prediction in Matthew 20:17–19 specifically mentions crucifixion:

Now as Jesus was going up to Jerusalem, he took the twelve disciples aside and said to them, "We are going upwards to Jerusalem, and the Son of Human being volition be betrayed to the principal priests and the teachers of the law. They will condemn him to death and volition plow him over to the Gentiles to be mocked and flogged and crucified. On the third twenty-four hours he volition exist raised to life!"[12]

The fourth prediction in Matthew is plant in Matthew 26:1–two, immediately before the plot made against him by the religious Jewish leaders:

"As you know, the Passover is two days abroad — and the Son of Man will be handed over to be crucified."

The hypothetical Q source, widely considered by scholars to be a collection of sayings of Jesus used, in improver to the Gospel of Mark, past the authors of the Luke and Matthew Gospels, contains no predictions of the death of Jesus.[thirteen]

Gospel of John [edit]

In the conversation with Nicodemus in the Gospel of John, Jesus pointed Nicodemus towards his death when he said

But every bit Moses lifted up the snake in the wilderness, so the Son of Man must be lifted up[14]

Jesus was intimating that something similar would happen to him as in Numbers 21:4-9,[15] where Moses raised a bronze statue of a snake upwards on a pole.

In chapters 12 to 17 this gospel likewise mentions several occasions where Jesus prepared his disciples for his deviation, which the gospel also refers to as his "glorification":[sixteen]

Jesus answered them, maxim, "The hour has come up that the Son of Man should exist glorified. Well-nigh assuredly, I say to you, unless a grain of wheat falls into the ground and dies, information technology remains alone; simply if it dies, information technology produces much grain.[17]

Comparison of Synoptic Gospel predictions [edit]

In each of the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus foretells of His own death and resurrection after 3 days. The concordances are summarized in the following table:

Matthew Mark Luke
Matthew xvi:21-23: From that time Jesus began to show to His disciples that He must go to Jerusalem, and endure many things from the elders and main priests and scribes, and be killed, and be raised the 3rd mean solar day. And then Peter took Him aside and began to rebuke Him, maxim, "Far be information technology from Yous, Lord; this shall not happen to Yous!" Merely He turned and said to Peter, "Get behind Me, Satan! You are an offense to Me, for you are not mindful of the things of God, but the things of men."[ane] Mark eight:31-33: And He began to teach them that the Son of Homo must suffer many things, and be rejected by the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and subsequently three days rise once more. He spoke this word openly. Then Peter took Him aside and began to rebuke Him. Simply when He had turned effectually and looked at His disciples, He rebuked Peter, maxim, "Get behind Me, Satan! For you are not mindful of the things of God, but the things of men."[ii] Luke 9:21-22: And He strictly warned and commanded them to tell this to no one, proverb, "The Son of Man must suffer many things, and be rejected by the elders and chief priests and scribes, and be killed, and exist raised the third twenty-four hour period."[three]
Matthew 17:22-23: Now while they were staying in Galilee, Jesus said to them, "The Son of Homo is about to be betrayed into the hands of men, and they will kill Him, and the third day He will be raised up." And they were exceedingly sorrowful.[4] Marking 9:xxx-32: And then they departed from there and passed through Galilee, and He did non want anyone to know it. For He taught His disciples and said to them, "The Son of Man is being betrayed into the hands of men, and they will kill Him. And afterward He is killed, He will ascension the tertiary day." But they did not understand this saying, and were afraid to ask Him.[five] Luke 9:43-45: But while everyone marveled at all the things which Jesus did, He said to His disciples, "Permit these words sink downwards into your ears, for the Son of Man is about to exist betrayed into the hands of men." But they did not sympathise this saying, and it was hidden from them so that they did not perceive it; and they were afraid to ask Him virtually this saying.[6]
Matthew twenty:17-19: At present Jesus, going up to Jerusalem, took the twelve disciples aside on the route and said to them, "Behold, nosotros are going upwardly to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man will be betrayed to the master priests and to the scribes; and they will condemn Him to death, and deliver Him to the Gentiles to mock and to scourge and to crucify. And the 3rd day He will rise over again." [7] Marker 10:32-34: Now they were on the road, going up to Jerusalem, and Jesus was going earlier them; and they were amazed. And as they followed they were afraid. Then He took the twelve aside once again and began to tell them the things that would happen to Him: "Behold, we are going up to Jerusalem, and the Son of Man volition be betrayed to the chief priests and to the scribes; and they will condemn Him to death and deliver Him to the Gentiles; and they volition mock Him, and [a]scourge Him, and spit on Him, and kill Him. And the 3rd day He will rise again[8] Luke 18:31-34: And so He took the twelve aside and said to them, "Behold, we are going upward to Jerusalem, and all things that are written by the prophets concerning the Son of Human being volition exist accomplished. For He volition be delivered to the Gentiles and will exist mocked and insulted and spit upon. They volition scourge Him and kill Him. And the third day He will rise again." Only they understood none of these things; this saying was hidden from them, and they did not know the things which were spoken.[9]
Matthew 26:32 But subsequently I accept risen, I will go ahead of you into Galilee."[18]

Equally shown in the Daily Mass Readings provided in the Latin Rite of the Roman Catholic Church building,[19] the prediction given by Jesus in Mark 9:32 has i of its primary references in the Wisdom of Solomon:[20]

12 Therefore let u.s. lie in expect for the righteous; because he is not for our turn, and he is make clean contrary to our doings: he upbraideth the states with our offending the law, and objecteth to our infamy the transgressings of our education. 17 Let us see if his words exist truthful: and let united states bear witness what shall happen in the cease of him. For if the merely man be the son of God, he will help him, and evangelize him from the hand of his enemies. Let us examine him with despitefulness and torture, that we may know his meekness, and bear witness his patience. Let us condemn him with a shameful decease: for past his ain proverb he shall exist respected.

—Book of Wisdom 2:12, 17-20 (KJV translation)

Historical context [edit]

Jesus made predictions about the "Son of Man." This is a Hebrew term with v different meanings, depending on the context in which it is used: all mankind (humanity equally a whole), a human beingness (a human being, every bit opposed to God), a personal pronoun ("I", "myself"), a sinner (an unjust person, as opposed to a just person),[21] and the messiah (the awaited king).[22]

Jesus predicted that the Son of Man would be handed over/betrayed to the elders, the chief priests, the scribes, and the teachers of the law. In the Second Temple period, the Sanhedrian members were chosen "elders,"[23] a high priest was a "principal priest,"[24] and the successors of Ezra the scribe - who became teachers of the police force in those days - were called the "scribes."[25] [26] John 18 relate that Jesus was tried by the two chief priests at the time, Annas and Caiaphas.[27]

Jesus likewise predicted that the Son of Man would be crucified by the Romans/Gentiles. The Hebrew discussion gentile means non-Jewish people.[28] Judaism does not allow crucifixion as a means of penalty,[29] just Ancient Roman law did allow certain persons, such as slaves and pirates, to be crucified.[thirty] [31]

See also [edit]

  • Chronology of Jesus
  • Jesus predicts his betrayal
  • Life of Jesus in the New Testament

Notes [edit]

  1. ^ St Mark'southward Gospel and the Christian organized religion by Michael Keene 2002 ISBN 0-7487-6775-4 pages 24-25
  2. ^ The Temptations of Jesus in Mark'due south Gospel past Susan R. Garrett 1996 ISBN 978-0-8028-4259-6 pages 74-75
  3. ^ Witherington (2001), p. 31: 'from 66 to 70, and probably closer to the latter'
  4. ^ Hooker (1991), p. viii: 'the Gospel is ordinarily dated betwixt Advertising 65 and 75.'
  5. ^ Walter Schmithals, The Theology of the First Christians (Westminster John Knox Press, 1997) page 22.
  6. ^ Licona, Michael (2021). "Did Jesus Predict his Death and Vindication/Resurrection?". Periodical for the Study of the Historical Jesus. 8: 47–66. doi:10.1163/174551909X12607965419595. {{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: url-condition (link)
  7. ^ The Gospel according to Mark: meaning and bulletin by George Martin 2005 ISBN 0-8294-1970-5 pages 200-202
  8. ^ Matthew for Anybody: Chapters 16-28 by Tom Wright 2004 ISBN 0-664-22787-ii page nine
  9. ^ Matthew 16:21
  10. ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible by Watson Due east. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard 1998 ISBN 0-86554-373-9 page 550
  11. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Mark ix:xxx-32 - New Revised Standard Version".
  12. ^ Matthew xx:17–19
  13. ^ John S Kloppenborg, Q, the Primeval Gospel (Westminster John Knox Press, 2008) folio 75.
  14. ^ John 3:xiv
  15. ^ Numbers 21:four–9
  16. ^ Dictionary of biblical imagery by Leland Ryken, Jim Wilhoit, Tremper Longman, Colin Duriez, Douglas Penney, Daniel G. Reid 1998 ISBN 0-8308-1451-5 page 269
  17. ^ John 12:23–24
  18. ^ "Bible Gateway passage: Matthew 26:32 - New International Version". Bible Gateway . Retrieved 2019-04-27 .
  19. ^ "Daily Mass Readings - 23 September 2022 – Dominicus". catholiewtn.com. Archived from the original on Nov 21, 2018.
  20. ^ "The 1611 King James Bible. Book of Wisdom, chapter, vv. 12, and 17 to 20". kingjamesbibleonline.org. Archived from the original on June 28, 2012.
  21. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Son of Man The rendering for the Hebrew "ben adam," practical to mankind in general, as opposed to and distinct from not-human relationship; expressing also the larger, unlimited implications of humanity as differentiated from express (east.g., national) forms and aspects of homo life...The New Attestation expression ὅ ὑιὸς τοῦ ἀνθρόπου is a translation of the Aramaic "bar nasha," and every bit such could take been understood only as the substitute for a personal pronoun, or equally emphasizing the man qualities of those to whom it is applied..."Sons of men," or "children of men," designates likewise the slanderers and evil-doers in contrast to the righteous, that is, Israel (Ps. lvii. 5 [A. V. 4], lviii. 2 [A. V. ane]).
  22. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Messiah The Messiah is called "the Son of Human," and is described as an angelic being, his countenance resembling a human'south, and as occupying a seat in heaven beside the Ancient of Days (xlvi. 1), or, equally it is expressed in ch. xxxix. 7, "nether the wings of the Lord of spirits."...In the Assumptio Mosis, however (c. four B.C.), information technology may exist concluded, on the ground of the identification of the Son of Man = Messiah with Enoch = Meṭaṭron in Enoch lxxi. 14, that information technology is the preexistent Messiah who is referred to (x. 2), for it is stated that, at the end of the last tribulation, when God's dominion will be established over all creation, "the hands of the angel who stands in the highest place will be filled, and he will immediately avenge them [Israel] on their enemies."
  23. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Sanhedrin Antiochus V. as well greeted the gerusia in a letter to the Jewish people. This gerusia, which stood at the head of the people, was the body that was subsequently called "sanhedrin." The date and the way of its origin can non at present exist determined. Josephus calls it either συνέδριον or βουλή, and its members πρεσβΎτεροι (="elders," i.e., ) or βουλευταί (="councilors"), whose number was probably the same equally that of the members of the Sanhedrin in the hall of hewn stone, namely, seventy or seventy-one.
  24. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Priest Too the "chief priest" ("kohen ha-rosh") mention is made of the "kohen mishnch," the 1 holding the 2d place (2 Kings xxv. eighteen et al.).
  25. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Scribe Body of teachers whose office was to interpret the Constabulary to the people, their organization beginning with Ezra, who was their main, and terminating with Simeon the Merely.
  26. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Didactics The men thus engaged are designated as V05p043011.jpg or V05p043012.jpg, i.east., expounders of the Torah. Here for the first fourth dimension in Jewish history is an organized torso of teachers. The Prophets had been replaced by the priests; these in turn were succeeded past the scribes, "the wise" (comp. B. B. 12a, V05p043013.jpg). The latter are described in Dan. xii. 3 every bit the teachers, V05p043014.jpg; "they that be wise shall shine as the brightness of the firmament; and they that plow many to righteousness, as the stars for ever and ever." The Talmud refers the second clause to the teachers.
  27. ^ USCCB John 18:nineteen-24 The high priest questioned Jesus...And so Annas sent him bound to Caiaphas the loftier priest.
  28. ^ The Cambridge history of Judaism, Volume 2, Cambridge University Press, 1989, p. 193. ISBN 978-0-521-24377-3
  29. ^ Jewish Encyclopedia: Crucifixion Among the modes of Death sentence known to the Jewish penal constabulary, crucifixion is non establish; the "hanging" of criminals "on a tree," mentioned in Deut. xxi. 22, was resorted to in New Testament times only after lapidation (Sanh. half dozen. four; Sifre, 2. 221, ed. Friedmann, Vienna, 1864).
  30. ^ Robison, John C. (June 2002). "Crucifixion in the Roman Earth: The Use of Nails at the Fourth dimension of Christ". Studia Antiqua. 2.
  31. ^ Zias, Joseph (1998). "Crucifixion in Antiquity: The Evidence". www.mercaba.org . Retrieved March 10, 2018.

References [edit]

Books
  • Barclay, William (2001). The Gospel of John, Volume ane. Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN9780664237806.
  • Davies, Stevan L. (2004). The Gospel of Thomas and Christian Wisdom. Bardic Press. ISBN9780974566740.
  • Fitzmyer, Joseph A. (1985). The Gospel According to Luke, X-XXIV. The Anchor Bible Reference Library. Doubleday. ISBN9780300139815.
  • Harrington, Daniel J. (1991). The Gospel of Matthew. Liturgical Press. ISBN9780814658031.
  • Hooker, Morna (1991). The Gospel Co-ordinate to Saint Marking. Continuum. ISBN9780826460394.
  • Witherington, Ben (2001). The Gospel of Mark: A Socio-Rhetorical Commentary. Eerdmans Publishing. ISBN9780802845030.

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesus_predicts_his_death

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